Last reviewed 3 July 2026.
What Are Cohesive Devices?
Cohesive devices are linking words, reference words, and structural signals that create connections between sentences and paragraphs. They include conjunctions (however, although), adverbials (consequently, in addition), reference words (this, such), and lexical cohesion (using synonyms and paraphrasing to avoid repetition).
Types of Cohesive Devices
| Function | Examples | Use When |
|---|---|---|
| Adding | Furthermore, in addition, moreover, also | Adding a supporting point |
| Contrasting | However, nevertheless, on the other hand, conversely | Introducing an opposing idea |
| Cause/Result | Therefore, consequently, as a result, thus | Showing a logical consequence |
| Exemplifying | For example, for instance, such as, to illustrate | Providing evidence or examples |
| Sequencing | Firstly, secondly, finally, subsequently | Ordering points or stages |
| Conceding | Although, despite, while, admittedly | Acknowledging the other side before countering |
| Summarising | In conclusion, overall, to sum up, in summary | Wrapping up an argument |
The Overuse Problem
One of the most common Band 6 mistakes is starting every sentence with a linking word. “Firstly… Secondly… Moreover… Furthermore… In addition… In conclusion…” reads like a list, not an essay. The IELTS band descriptors for Band 7 Coherence & Cohesion state that cohesive devices should be used “flexibly” — meaning naturally integrated, not mechanically inserted.
Mechanical vs natural cohesion
Mechanical (Band 5–6): “Moreover, education is important. Furthermore, it helps people get jobs. In addition, educated people earn more money.”
Natural (Band 7+): “Education plays a crucial role in employment prospects. University graduates, for example, earn on average 30% more over their careers — a gap that demonstrates the economic value of higher education.”
Beyond Linking Words: Other Cohesive Techniques
High-scoring essays use several cohesive techniques beyond conjunctions:
- Reference words: “this trend,” “such measures,” “the former… the latter”
- Synonyms and paraphrasing: Use different words for the same concept to avoid repetition
- Logical paragraph structure: Topic sentences at the start of each paragraph create natural cohesion
- Pronoun reference: “These factors…”, “This approach…” linking back to previous content
Related Resources
- Cohesive devices directly affect 25% of your Writing score (Coherence & Cohesion).
- Quality matters more than quantity — overuse sounds mechanical and limits you to Band 6.
- Use reference words, synonyms, and logical structure alongside linking words.
- Band 7+ requires “flexible” use — naturally integrated, not formulaic.