Essential strategies and practice techniques for this IELTS Reading question type. Learn how to manage time and improve accuracy.
Originally published December 2022. Last reviewed 3 July 2026.
Today they are everywhere. Production lines controlled by computers and operated by robots. There’s no chatter of assembly workers, just the whirr and click of machines. In the mid-1940s, the workerless factory was still the stuff of science fiction. There were no computers to speak of and electronics was primitive. Yet hidden away in the English countryside was a highly automated production line called ECME, which could turn out 1500 radioreceivers a day with almost no help from human hands.
A. John Sargrove, the visionary engineer who developed the technology, was way ahead of his time. For more than a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper radios. Automating the manufacturing process would help. But radios didn’t lend themselves to such methods: there were too many parts to fit together and too many wires to solder. Even a simple receiver might have 30 separate components and 80 hand-soldered connections. At every stage, things had to be tested and inspected. Making radios required highly skilled labour—and lots of it.
B. In 1944, Sargrove came up with the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the fiddly bits by inventing a primitive chip—a slab of Bakelite with all the receiver’s electrical components and connections embedded in it. This was something that could be made by machines, and he designed those too. At the end of the war, Sargrove built an automatic production line, which he called ECME (electronic circuit-making equipment), in a small factory in Effingham, Surrey.
C. An operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in die plates. She didn’t need much skill, only quick hands. From now on, everything was controlled by electronic switches and relays. First stop was the sandblaster, which roughened the surface of the plastic BO that molten metal would stick to it The plates were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit The machine automatically checked that the surface was rough enough before sending the plate to the spraying section. There, eight nozzles rotated into position and sprayed molten zinc over both sides of the plate. Again, the nozzles only began to spray when a plate was in place. The plate whizzed on. The next stop was the milling machine, which ground away the surface layer of metal to leave the circuit and other components in the grooves and recesses. Now the plate was a composite of metal and plastic. It sped on to be lacquered and have its circuits tested. By the time it emerged from the end of the line, robot hands had fitted it with sockets to attach components such as valves and loudspeakers. When ECME was working flat out; the whole process took 20 seconds.
D. ECME was astonishingly advanced. Electronic eyes, photocells that generated a small current when a panel arrived, triggered each step in the operation, BO avoiding excessive wear and tear on the machinery. The plates were automatically tested at each stage as they moved along the conveyor. And if more than two plates in succession were duds, the machines were automatically adjusted—or if necessary halted In a conventional factory, I workers would test faulty circuits and repair them. But Sargrove’s assembly line produced circuits so cheaply they just threw away the faulty ones. Sargrove’s circuit board was even more astonishing for the time. It predated the more familiar printed circuit, with wiring printed on aboard, yet was more sophisticated. Its built-in components made it more like a modem chip.
E. When Sargrove unveiled his invention at a meeting of the British Institution of Radio Engineers in February 1947, the assembled engineers were impressed. So was the man from The Times. ECME, he reported the following day, “produces almost without human labour, a complete radio receiving set. This new method of production can be equally well applied to television and other forms of electronic apparatus.
F. The receivers had many advantages over their predecessors, wit components they were more robust. Robots didn’t make the sorts of mistakes human assembly workers sometimes did. “Wiring mistakes just cannot happen,” wrote Sargrove. No w ừ es also meant the radios were lighter and cheaper to ship abroad. And with no soldered wires to come unstuck, the radios were more reliable. Sargrove pointed out that the drcuit boards didn’t have to be flat. They could be curved, opening up the prospect of building the electronics into the cabinet of Bakelite radios.
G. Sargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products. It could be used to make more complex electronic equipment than radios, he argued. And even if only part of a manufacturing process were automated, the savings would be substantial. But while his invention was brilliant, his timing was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It was only competitive on huge production runs because each new job meant retooling the machines. But disruption was frequent. Sophisticated as it was, ECME still depended on old- fashioned electromechanical relays and valves—which failed with monotonous regularity. The state of Britain’s economy added to Sargrove’s troubles. Production was dogged by power cuts and post-war shortages of materials. Sargrove’s financial backers began to get cold feet.
H. There was another problem Sargrove hadn’t foreseen. One of ECME’s biggest advantages—the savings on the cost of labour—also accelerated its downfall. Sargrove’s factory had two ECME production lines to produce the two c ữ cuits needed for each radio. Between them these did what a thousand assembly workers would otherwise have done. Human hands were needed only to feed the raw material in at one end and plug the valves into then sockets and fit the loudspeakers at the other. After that, the only job left was to fit the pair of Bakelite panels into a radio cabinet and check that it worked.
I. Sargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labour shortages. With somewhat Utopian idealism, he imagined his new technology would free people from boring, repetitive jobs on the production line and allow them to do more interesting work. “Don’t get the idea that we are out to rob people of then jobs,” he told the Daily Mnror. “Our task is to liberate men and women from being slaves of machines.”
J. The workers saw things differently. They viewed automation in the same light as the everlasting light bulb or the suit that never wears out—as a threat to people’s livelihoods. If automation spread, they wouldn’t be released to do more exciting jobs. They’d be released to join the dole queue. Financial backing for ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And Britain lost its lead in a technology that would transform industry just a few years later.
QUESTIONS
Questions 1-7
Summary
The following diagram explains the process of ECME:
Complete the following chart of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes1-7on your answer sheet:
Questions 8-11
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage. using NO more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet
Summary
Sargrove had been dedicated to create a 8___________radio by automation of manufacture. The old version of radio had a large number of independent 9___________After this innovation was made, wireless-style radios became 10___________and inexpensive to export overseas. As Sargrove saw it, the real benefit of ECME’s radio was that it reduced 11___________of manual work; which can be easily copied to other industries of manufacturing electronic devices.
Questions 12-13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers inboxes 12-13 on your answer sheet</div>
12. What were workers attitude towards ECME Model initially A. Anxious B. Welcoming C. Boring D. Inspiring
13. What is the main idea of this passage? A. Approach to reduce the price of radio B. A new generation of fully popular products and successful business C. In application of die automation in the early stage D. ECME technology can be applied in many product fields
Comprehensive guide covering essential IELTS preparation strategies and techniques to help you achieve your target band score.
Originally published November 2022. Last reviewed 3 July 2026.
Shapes are a very important part of our lives. Without shapes, we would not be able to understand the world around us. There are many different types of shapes, and each one has its own unique purpose.
Some common shapes include squares, circles, triangles, and rectangles.
Each of these shapes has unique properties that make them useful for different purposes. Squares are often used for buildings and other structures because they have straight lines that can be easily measured. Circles are often used for things like logos and trademarks because they are simple and easy to recognize. Triangles are often used for signs and warnings because they create a sense of urgency. Rectangles are often used for advertisements because they can be easily divided into separate sections.
Nonagon: A nonagon is a nine-sided polygon. It has nine angles and sides of equal length.
Octagon: An octagon is an eight-sided polygon with eight angles.
Heptagon: A heptagon is a seven-sided polygon with seven angles.
Hexagon: A hexagon is a six-sided polygon with six angles.
Pentagon: A pentagon is a five-sided polygon with five angles.
Square: A square is a four-sided shape with four right angles and all sides of equal length.
Rectangle: A rectangle is a four-sided shape in which two sides are longer than the other two sides, and it has four right angles.
Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a four-sided shape in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and it has four angles.
Triangle: A triangle is a three-sided shape with three angles.
Rhombus: A rhombus is a four-sided shape with all sides of equal length and two pairs of parallel sides.
Trapezoid: A trapezoid is a four-sided shape with two parallel sides, two non-parallel sides, and four angles.
Kite: A kite is a four-sided shape in which its opposite sides are both equal in length and each pair of adjacent angles adds up to 180 degrees.
Square: A square is a four-sided shape with four right angles and all sides of equal length.
Oval: An oval is an elongated circle or an ellipse that has two focal points on each side of its flat curvature. Oval shapes can be symmetrical (identical) or asymmetrical (different).
Cylinder: A cylinder is a three-dimensional shape in which a circular base and top are connected by straight lines. It has two parallel bases, one at the bottom and one at the top, joined together by curved surfaces.
Cone: A cone is a three-dimensional shape in which a circle forms the base, and it slopes up to form a point at the top called the apex
Heart: A heart is a valentine-shaped symbol that represents love and affection.
Star: A star is a five- or more-pointed geometrical shape that typically has sharp points on each end. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.
Arrow: An arrow is a pointed geometrical shape with two parallel lines extending from the curved head to the point of the tail.
Cross: A cross is a geometrical shape in which four short lines intersect at right angles, typically forming an X or + sign.
Crescent Moon: A crescent moon is an arc or partial circle shape which typically appears during different phases of the moon cycle.
Cube: A cube is a three-dimensional shape with six equal square sides, all of which meet at right angles.
Pyramid: A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape in which four triangular faces come together to form one point at the top.
Sphere: A sphere is a perfect, round three-dimensional object that has no edges or flat surfaces. The curved surface of a sphere can be measured by its radius and diameter.
Tetrahedron: A tetrahedron is a solid figure composed of four triangles connected around one central point. It has four vertices, six edges and four faces.
Octahedron: An octahedron is a polyhedral shape consisting of eight equilateral triangles.
Comprehensive guide covering essential IELTS preparation strategies and techniques to help you achieve your target band score.
Originally published November 2022. Last reviewed 3 July 2026.
Shapes are a very important part of our lives. Without shapes, we would not be able to understand the world around us. There are many different types of shapes, and each one has its own unique purpose.
Some common shapes include squares, circles, triangles, and rectangles.
Each of these shapes has unique properties that make them useful for different purposes. Squares are often used for buildings and other structures because they have straight lines that can be easily measured. Circles are often used for things like logos and trademarks because they are simple and easy to recognize. Triangles are often used for signs and warnings because they create a sense of urgency. Rectangles are often used for advertisements because they can be easily divided into separate sections.
Nonagon: A nonagon is a nine-sided polygon. It has nine angles and sides of equal length.
Octagon: An octagon is an eight-sided polygon with eight angles.
Heptagon: A heptagon is a seven-sided polygon with seven angles.
Hexagon: A hexagon is a six-sided polygon with six angles.
Pentagon: A pentagon is a five-sided polygon with five angles.
Square: A square is a four-sided shape with four right angles and all sides of equal length.
Rectangle: A rectangle is a four-sided shape in which two sides are longer than the other two sides, and it has four right angles.
Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a four-sided shape in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and it has four angles.
Triangle: A triangle is a three-sided shape with three angles.
Rhombus: A rhombus is a four-sided shape with all sides of equal length and two pairs of parallel sides.
Trapezoid: A trapezoid is a four-sided shape with two parallel sides, two non-parallel sides, and four angles.
Kite: A kite is a four-sided shape in which its opposite sides are both equal in length and each pair of adjacent angles adds up to 180 degrees.
Square: A square is a four-sided shape with four right angles and all sides of equal length.
Oval: An oval is an elongated circle or an ellipse that has two focal points on each side of its flat curvature. Oval shapes can be symmetrical (identical) or asymmetrical (different).
Cylinder: A cylinder is a three-dimensional shape in which a circular base and top are connected by straight lines. It has two parallel bases, one at the bottom and one at the top, joined together by curved surfaces.
Cone: A cone is a three-dimensional shape in which a circle forms the base, and it slopes up to form a point at the top called the apex
Heart: A heart is a valentine-shaped symbol that represents love and affection.
Star: A star is a five- or more-pointed geometrical shape that typically has sharp points on each end. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.
Arrow: An arrow is a pointed geometrical shape with two parallel lines extending from the curved head to the point of the tail.
Cross: A cross is a geometrical shape in which four short lines intersect at right angles, typically forming an X or + sign.
Crescent Moon: A crescent moon is an arc or partial circle shape which typically appears during different phases of the moon cycle.
Cube: A cube is a three-dimensional shape with six equal square sides, all of which meet at right angles.
Pyramid: A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape in which four triangular faces come together to form one point at the top.
Sphere: A sphere is a perfect, round three-dimensional object that has no edges or flat surfaces. The curved surface of a sphere can be measured by its radius and diameter.
Tetrahedron: A tetrahedron is a solid figure composed of four triangles connected around one central point. It has four vertices, six edges and four faces.
Octahedron: An octahedron is a polyhedral shape consisting of eight equilateral triangles.
Essential strategies and practice techniques for this IELTS Reading question type. Learn how to manage time and improve accuracy.
Originally published November 2022. Last reviewed 3 July 2026.
A. We have long lived in an age where powerful images, catchy soundbites and too-good-to miss offers bombard us from every quarter. All around us the persuaders are at work. Occasionally their methods are unsubtle -the planting kiss on a baby’s head by a wannabe political leader, or a liquidation sale in a shop that has been “closing down” for well over a year, but generally the persuaders know what they are about and are highly capable. Be they politicians, supermarket chains, salespeople or advertisers, they know exactly what to do to sell us their images, ideas or produce. When it comes to persuasion, these giants rule supreme. They employ the most skilled image-makers and use the best psychological tricks to guarantee that even the most cautious among us are open to manipulation.
B. We spend more time in them than we mean to, we buy 75 percent of our food from them and end up with products that we did not realize we wanted. Right from the start, supermarkets have been ahead of the game. For example, when Sainsbury introduced shopping baskets into its 1950s stores, it was a stroke of marketing genius. Now shoppers could browse and pick up items they previously would have ignored. Soon after came trolleys, and just as new roads attract more traffic, the same applied to trolley space. Professor Merlin Stone, IBM Professor of Relationship Marketing at Bristol Business School, says aisles are laid out to maximize profits. Stores pander to our money-rich, time-poor lifestyle. Low turnover products — clothes and electrical goods-are stocked at the back while high turnover items command position at the front.
C. Stone believes supermarkets work hard to “stall” us because the more time we spend in them, the more we buy. Thus, great efforts are made to make the environment pleasant. Stores play music to relax us and some even pipe air from the in-store bakery around the shop. In the USA, fake aromas are sometimes used. The smell is both the most evocative and subliminal sense. In experiments, pleasant smells are effective in increasing our spending. A casino that fragranced only half its premise saw profit soar in the aroma-filled areas. The other success story from the supermarkets’ perspective is the loyalty card. Punters may assume that they are being rewarded for their fidelity, but all the while they are trading information about their shopping habits. Loyal shoppers could be paying 30% more by sticking to their favourite shops for essential cosmetics.
D. Research has shown that 75 percent of profit comes from just 30 percent of customers. Ultimately, reward cards could be used to identify and better accommodate these “elite” shoppers. It could also be used to make adverts more relevant to individual consumers – rather like Spielberg’s futuristic thriller Minority Report, in which Tom Cruise’s character is bombarded with interactive personalised ads. If this sounds far-fetched, the data-gathering revolution has already seen the introduction of radio-frequency identification to electronically tag products to see who is buying what,FRID means they can follow the product into people’s homes.
E. No matter how savvy we think we are to their ploys, the ad industry still wins. Adverts focus on what products do or on how they make us feel. Researcher Laurette Dube, in the Journal of Advertising Research, says when attitudes are based on “cognitive foundations” (logical reasoning), advertisers use informative appeals. This works for products with a little emotional draw but high functionality, such as bleach. Where attitude is based on effect (i.e, emotions), ad teams try to tap into our feelings. Researchers at the University of Florida recently concluded that our emotional responses to adverts dominate over “cognition”.
F. Advertisers play on our need to be safe (commercials for insurance), to belong (make a customer feel they are in the group fashion ads) and for self-esteem (aspirational adverts). With time and space at a premium, celebrities are often used as a quick way of meeting these needs – either because the celeb epitomizes success or because they seem familiar and so make the product seem “safe”. A survey of 4,000 campaigns found ads with celebs were 10 percent more effective than without. Humour also stimulates a rapid emotional response. Heiman Chung, writing in the International Journal of Advertising, found that funny ads were remembered for longer than straight ones. Combine humour with sexual imagery – as in Wonderbra’s “Hello Boys” ads-and you are on to a winner.
G. Slice-of-life ads are another tried and tested method-they paint a picture of life as you would like it, but still, one that feels familiar. Abhilasha Mehta, in the Journal of Advertising Research, noted that the more one’s self-image tallies with the brand being advertised, the stronger the commercial. Ad makers also use behaviorist theories, recognizing that the more sensation we receive from an object, the better we know it. If an advert for a chocolate bar fails to cause salivation, it has probably failed. No wonder advertisements have been dubbed the “nervous system of the business world”.
H. Probably all of us could make a sale if the product was something we truly believed in, but professional salespeople are in a different league-the best of them can always sell different items to suitable customers in the best time. They do this by using very basic psychological techniques.Stripped to its simplest level, selling works by heightening the buyer’s perception of how much they need a product or service. Buyers normally have certain requirements by which they will judge the suitability of a product. The seller, therefore, attempts to tease out what these conditions are and then explains how their products’ benefit can meet these requirements.
I. Richard Hession, author of Be a Great Salesperson says it is human nature to prefer to speak rather than listen, and good salespeople pander to this. They ask punters about their needs and offer to work with them to achieve their objectives. As a result, the buyer feels they are receiving a “consultation” rather than a sales pitch. All the while, the salesperson presents with a demeanour that takes it for granted that the sale will be made. Never will the words “if you buy” be used, but rather “when you buy”.
J. Dr Rob Yeung, a senior consultant at business psychologists Kiddy and Partner, says most salespeople will build up a level of rapport by asking questions about hobbies, family and lifestyle. This has the double benefit of making the salesperson likeable while furnishing him or her with more information about the client’s wants. Yeung says effective salespeople try as far as possible to match their style of presenting themselves to how the buyer comes across. If the buyer cracks jokes, the salespeople will respond in kind. If the buyer wants detail, the seller provides it, if they are more interested in the feel of the product, the seller will focus on this. At its most extreme, appearing empathetic can even include the salesperson attempting to “mirror” the hobby language of the buyer.
K. Whatever the method used, all salespeople work towards one aim: “closing the deal”. In fact, they will be looking for “closing signals” through their dealings with potential clients. Once again the process works by assuming success. The buyer is not asked “are you interested?” as this can invite a negative response. Instead, the seller takes it for granted that the deal is effectively done: when the salesman asks you for a convenient delivery date or asks what colour you want, you will probably respond accordingly. Only afterwards might you wonder why you proved such a pushover.
Questions 27-29
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
27. What is the supermarket’s purpose of using “basket” in paragraph B?
A. Create a convenient atmosphere of supermarket
B. Make customers spend more time on shopping
C. Relieve pressure on the supermarket’s traffic
D. More than half items bought need to be carried
28. What is the quality of the best salesman possessed according to this passage?
A. Sell the right product to the right person
B. Clearly state the instruction of one product
C. Show professional background
D. Persuade customers to buy the product they sell
29What’s the opinion of Richard Hession?
A. Pretend to be nice instead of selling goods
B. Prefer to speak a lot to customers
C. Help buyers to conclude their demands for ideal items
D. Show great interpersonal skill
Questions 30-35
The reading passage has 7 paragraphs A-K. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write your answers in boxes 30-35 on your answer sheet. NB. You may use any letter more than once.
30. How do supermarkets distract consumers
31. How to build a close relationship between salespeople and buyer
32. People would be impressed by the humour advertisement
33. Methods for salespeople to get the order
34. How question work for salespeople
35. Different customer groups bring different profits
Questions 36-40
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.
Trolleys are born for the increasing traffic in the supermarket. The width of 36 __________ in supermarkets is broadened in order to generate the most profits. Research from 37 ___________ satisfying aromas can motivate people to buy more products. Except for the effort of creating a comfortable surrounding, 38 ___________ is another card that supermarkets play to reward their regular customers. For example, loyal customers spend 30% more in their loved shops for everyday necessary 39 ___________ .Clothes shops use advertisements to make the buyer think they are belonging to part of a 40 ___________ research from 4,000 campaigns reflect that humour advertisement received more emotional respect.
Essential strategies and practice techniques for this IELTS Reading question type. Learn how to manage time and improve accuracy.
Originally published November 2022. Last reviewed 3 July 2026.
A. Every year millions of migrants travel vast distances using borrowed money for their airfares and taking little or no cash with them. They seek a decent job to support themselves with money left over that they can send home to their families in developing countries. These remittances exceeded $400 billion last year. It is true that the actual rate per person is only about $200 per month but it all adds up to about triple the amount officially spent on development aid.
B. In some of the poorer, unstable or conflict-torn countries, these sums of money are a lifeline – the only salvation for those left behind. The decision to send money home is often inspired by altruism – an unselfish desire to help others. Then again, the cash might simply be an exchange for earlier services rendered by the recipients or it could be intended for investment by the recipients. Often it will be repayment of a loan used to finance the migrant’s travel and resettlement.
C At the first sign of trouble, political or financial upheaval, these personal sources of support do not suddenly dry up like official investment monies. Actually, they increase in order to ease the hardship and suffering of the migrants’ families and, unlike development aid, which is channelled through government or other official agencies, remittances go straight to those in need. Thus, they serve an insurance role, responding in a countercyclical way to political and economic crises.
D. This flow of migrant money has a huge economic and social impact on the receiving countries. It provides cash for food, housing and necessities. It funds education and healthcare and contributes towards the upkeep of the elderly. Extra money is sent for special events such as weddings, funerals or urgent medical procedures and other emergencies. Occasionally it becomes the capital for starting up a small enterprise.
E. Unfortunately, recipients hardly ever receive the full value of the money sent back home because of exorbitant transfer fees. Many money transfer companies and banks operate on a fixed fee, which is unduly harsh for those sending small sums at a time. Others charge a percentage, which varies from around 8% to 20% or more dependent on the recipient country. There are some countries where there is a low fixed charge per transaction; however, these cheaper fees are not applied internationally because of widespread concern over money laundering. Whether this is a genuine fear or just an excuse is hard to say. If the recipients live in a small village somewhere, usually the only option is to obtain their money through the local post office. Regrettably, many governments allow post offices to have an exclusive affiliation with one particular money transfer operator so there is no alternative but to pay the extortionate charge.
F. The sums of money being discussed here might seem negligible on an individual basis but they are substantial in totality. If the transfer cost could be reduced to no more than one per cent, that would release another $30 billion dollars annually – approximately the total aid budget of the USA, the largest donor worldwide – directly into the hands of the world’s poorest. If this is not practicable, governments could at least acknowledge that small remittances do not come from organised crime networks, and ease regulations accordingly. They should put an end to restrictive alliances between post offices and money transfer operators or at least open up the system to competition. Alternatively, a non-government humanitarian organisation, which would have the expertise to navigate the elaborate red tape, could set up a non-profit remittance platform for migrants to send money home for little or no cost.
G. Whilst contemplating the best system for transmission of migrant earnings to the home country, one should consider the fact that migrants often manage to save reasonable amounts of money in their adopted country. More often than not, that money is in the form of bank deposits earning a tiny percentage of interest, none at all or even a negative rate of interest.
H. If a developing country or a large charitable society could sell bonds with a guaranteed return of three or four per cent on the premise that the invested money would be used to build infrastructure in that country, there would be a twofold benefit. Migrants would make a financial gain and see their savings put to work in the development of their country of origin. The ideal point of sale for these bonds would be the channel used for money transfers so that, when migrants show up to make their monthly remittance, they could buy bonds as well. Advancing the idea one step further, why not make this transmission hub the conduit for affluent migrants to donate to worthy causes in their homeland so they may share their prosperity with their compatriots on a larger scale?
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B–H from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Stability of remittances in difficult times
ii Effect of cutback in transaction fees
iii Targeted investments and contributions
iv Remittances for business investment
v How to lower transmission fees
vi Motivations behind remittances
vii Losses incurred during transmission
viii Remittances worth more than official aid
ix How recipients utilise remittances
x Frequency and size of remittances
xi Poor returns on migrant savings
Example:
Paragraph G xi
1.Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph H
Questions 8–13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8–13 on your answer sheet.
Countries are unwilling to enforce lower transaction fees as they are worried about 8__________ and villagers lose out when post offices have a special relationship with one particular money transfer agency.
Each remittance might be small but the total cost of remittance fees is huge. Governments should 9__________ on small amounts and end the current post office system or make it more competitive. Another idea would be for a large non-profit association, capable of handling complicated 10__________ to take charge of migrant remittances.
Migrants who send money home are able to save money, too, but it receives little or no interest from 11__________. If a country or organisation sold bonds that earned a reasonable rate of interest for the investor, that money could fund the development of homeland 12__________ .The bonds could be sold at the remittance centre, which could also take donations from 13__________ to fund charitable projects in their home country.
